New EU tariffs apply on electric vehicles imported from China as of Wednesday.

They remain in place for the next five years. However, negotiations are expected to continue between the EU and China, and the EU could lift the duties if an agreement is reached.

EVs are the latest flash point in a broader trade dispute over Chinese government subsidies and Beijing’s burgeoning exports of green technology to the 27-nation bloc.

Here are some basic facts about the EU’s customs duties:

What did the European Union do?

The European Commission, the EU’s executive arm, conducted an eight-month investigation and concluded that companies making electric cars in China benefit from massive government help that enables them to undercut rivals in the EU on price, take a large market share and threaten European jobs.

The duties differ depending on the maker: 17% for BYD, 18.8% for Geely and 35.3% for state-owned SAIC. Other EV manufacturers in China, including Volkswagen and BMW, would be subject to a 20.7% duty. The Commission has an individually calculated rate for Tesla of 7.8%.

“By adopting these proportionate and targeted measures after a rigorous investigation, we’re standing up for fair market practices and for the European industrial base,” European Commission Executive Vice-President Valdis Dombrovskis said.

Why did the commission take action?

Chinese-built electric cars jumped from 3.9% of the EV market in 2020 to 25% by September 2023, the Commission has said.

The Commission says companies in China accomplished that with the help of subsidies all along the chain of production, from cheap land for factories from local governments to below-market supplies of lithium and batteries from state-owned enterprises to tax breaks and below-interest financing from state-controlled banks.

The rapid growth in market share has sparked fears that Chinese cars will eventually threaten the EU’s ability to produce its own green technology needed to combat climate change, as well as the jobs of 2.5 million workers at risk in the auto industry and 10.3 million more people whose jobs depend indirectly on EV production.

Subsidised solar panels from China have wiped out European producers – an experience that European governments don’t want to see repeated with their car industry.

Unusually, the Commission acted on its own, without a complaint from the European car industry. Industry leaders and Germany, home to BMW, Volkswagen and Mercedes-Benz, have opposed the tariffs. That’s because many of the cars that will be hit with tariffs are made by European companies, and China could retaliate against the auto industry or in other areas.

How is China reacting?

Beijing has been sharply critical of the investigation and the higher duties, describing them as protectionist and unfair.

The Commerce Ministry has also launched anti-dumping investigations into European exports of brandy, pork and dairy products. Earlier this month, it announced provisional tariffs of 30.6% to 39% on French and other European brandies, after EU member countries voted in favour of finalising the tariffs on EVs.

Officials have also said that they are deliberating whether to raise tariffs on imports of petrol-powered vehicles with large engines.

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Talks between the two sides have focused in recent weeks on so-called “price commitments” as a possible resolution. In such a scenario, car makers would agree to a minimum selling price for their EVs in Europe.

Some Chinese automakers are looking at making cars in Europe to avoid any tariffs and be closer to the market. BYD is building a plant in Hungary, while Chery has a joint venture to build cars in Spain’s Catalonia region.

How do the EU tariffs compare to the ones announced by the US?

The Biden administration is raising tariffs on Chinese EVs to 100% from the current 25%. At that level, the US tariffs will block virtually all Chinese EV imports.

That is not what Europe wants to do.

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EU officials want affordable electric cars from abroad to achieve their goals of cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 – but without the subsidies EU leaders see as unfair competition

The planned tariffs are aimed at levelling the playing field by approximating the size of the excess or unfair subsidies available to Chinese car makers.

European countries subsidise electric cars, too. The question in trade disputes is whether subsidies are fair and available to all car makers or distort the market in favour of one side.

What does this mean for European drivers and carmakers?

It’s not clear what impact the duties will have on car prices. Chinese car makers are able to make cars so cheaply that they could absorb the duties in the form of lower profits instead of raising prices.

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Currently, Chinese car makers often sell their vehicles overseas at much higher prices than in China, meaning they are favouring profits over market share, even given their recent market gains.

Five of BYD’s six models would still earn a profit in Europe even with a 30% tariff, according to Rhodium Group calculations cited by AP.

BYD’s Seal U Comfort model sells for the equivalent of €21,769 ($23,370) in China but €41,990 ($45,078) in Europe, according to Rhodium. The base model of BYD’s compact Seagull, due to arrive in Europe next year, sells for around $10,000 in China.

While consumers might benefit from cheaper Chinese cars in the short term, allowing unfair practices could eventually mean less competition and higher prices later on, the Commission argues.

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